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TOMATO
TOMATO
- RABI/NOVEMBER-DECEMBER
- TYPES OF VARIETIES
- FERTILIZERS
- TYPES OF VARITES
GENERAL INFORMATION
Tomato is important commercial vegetable crop of India and is second most important crop of world after Potato. Fruits are eaten raw or in cooked form. It is rich source of Vitamin A, C, Potassium and Minerals. It is used in soup, juice and ketch up, powder. The major tomato producing states are Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.
CLIMATE
Temperature
10-26°C
Rainfall
400 - 600mm
Sowing Temperature
10-15°C
Harvesting Temperature
15-25°C
SOIL
It can grow in varied type of soil ranging from Sandy loam to clay, black soil and red soil having proper drainage. It gives best result when grown under well drained sandy soil with high organic content. For good growth pH of soil should be 7-8.5. It can tolerate moderate Acidic and saline soil. Avoid cultivation in high acidic soils. For early crops, light soils are beneficial where for heavy yields clay loam and silt-loam soils are useful.
LAND PREPARATION
Tomato seeds are firstly sown in nursery then they are transplanted in main field. For main field preparation, it required well pulverize and levelled soil. Plough land for 4-5times, then planking is done. At time of last ploughing add well decomposed cow dung@60kg/acre mix well in soil. Prepared raised bed of 80-90cm width for transplantation purpose. Â
Hisar Arun (Selection 7):Â Early variety and ready for first harvesting within 70 days after transplanting. Number of fruits are more and medium to large size. It gives average yield of 100 qtl/acre.Â
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Kashi Amrut (D.V.R.T 1):Â Medium, spreading variety. Fruits are medium, round. Gives average yield of 160 qtl/acre.
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Kashi Anupam:Â Medium heighted early sowing variety. Fruits are big, round. Gives average yield of 160 qtl/acre.
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Kashi Vishesh (H -86):Â Â Fruits are medium-large and gives resistant to leaf curl virus. Gives average yield of 80-100 qtl/acre.Â
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Pant Bahar:Â Fruits are round with medium size.Â
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Arka Vikas:Â Variety released by IIHR, Bangalore. Crop ready to harvest in 120 days. Gives average yield of 140-160 qtl/acre.
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D T 10:Â Plants are tall with medium size fruit. Gives average yield of 120-140 qtl/acre.
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Arka Saurabh:Â Medium heighted variety with big fruits. It is resistant to fruit cracking. Gives average yield of 120-140 qtl/acre.
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Pusa Hybrid 2:Â Developed by ICAR, New Delhi. Fruits are flat, round with thick skin. Gives average yield of 220 qtl/acre.Â
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Avinash 2:Â Medium heighted variety. Its fruits are round with bright red color. Gives average yield of 240 qtl/acre.
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S.T.H 537:Â Hybrid gives average yield of 320 qtl/acre.
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ARTH-3:Â Ready to harvest in 80-85 days after transplantation. Gives average yield of 350-380 qtl/acre.
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Gotya:Â Ready to harvest in 70 to 75days after transplantation. Gives average yield of 240qtl/acre.
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N.S 815:Â Ready to harvest in 75-80days after transplantation. Gives average yield of 240qtl/acre.
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BSS 99:Â Tall variety, gives average yield of 280qtl/acre.
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BSS 40:Â Fruits are medium size. Gives average yield of 280qtl/acre.
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Toystoll:Â Medium size fruits with pear shape. Gives average yield of 280qtl/acre.
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Other states variety
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Pusa Rubi:Â Variety developed by IARI, New Delhi. Suitable for spring as well as winter season cultivation. Gives average yield of 133qtl/acre.
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Pusa Early Dwarf:Â Variety developed by IARI, New Delhi. Fruits are medium dwarf, with yellow stem. Ready to harvest 75-80days after transplantation. Gives average yield of 140qtl/acre.
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Punjab Chhuhara:Â Fruits are seedless, pear shape, red, firm with thick wall or skin. Marketable quality remains for 7days after harvesting and thus suitable for long distance transportation and processing.
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Pusa 120: Variety developed by IARI, New Delhi. Fruits are medium dwarf, smooth, attractive with yellow stem. It is resistant to nematodes. Â
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Roma Selection 120 :Â Developed by IARI, New Delhi. It gives resistant to root knot nematodes.Â
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Rashmi:Â Widely adopted hybrid. Fruits are medium, round with attractive color. It is resistant to wilt disease.
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Karnataka Hybrid:Â Crop is ready to harvest 80days after transplantation. Fruits are long and oval shape. Gives resistance to wilt and nematodes.Â
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Marglobe:Â Released by IARI, New Delhi. Fruits are large, round, smooth and Juicy.
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HS 101:Â Suitable for growing in North India during winter condition. Plants are dwarf. Fruits are round and medium size and Juicy. Fruits are borne in cluster. It is resistant to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus.Â
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HS 102:Â Early maturing variety. Fruits are small to medium in size, round and juicy.
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Sonali:Â Gives average yield of 300-320qtl/acre.
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Pusa Hybrid 1:Â Developed by ICAR, New Delhi. Gives average yield of 128qtl/acre.
Seed Rate
Use seed rate of 100-160 gram for preparing seedling for sowing in one acre land. For hybrid varieties, use seed rate of 80-100gm/acre.
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Seed Treatment
To protect crop from soil borne disease and pest, before sowing, do seed treatment with Thiram@ 3gram or Carbendazim @1gram/kg of seed. After chemical treatment, treat seed with Trichoderma@ 5 gram/kg of seed. keep it in shade. And use it for sowing.
Do solarization for one month before sowing. Sow tomato seeds on raised beds of 80-90cm width and of convenient length. After sowing covered bed with mulch and irrigate bed with Rose-Can daily in morning. To protect crop from virus attack cover nursery bed with fine nylon net.Â
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10-15days after transplanting sprayed 19:19:19 along with micronutrients@2.5 to 3gm/Ltr of water. To make plants healthier and stronger and to harden seedling against transplanting sock take spray of Lihocin@1ml/Ltr water at 20days after sowing. Damping Off damages crop to great extent, to prevent crop from it avoid overcrowding of seedlings and keep soil wet. If wilting is observed, do drenching of Metalaxyl@2.5gm/Ltr water, 2-3 times till plants are ready for transplantation.Â
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Seedling is ready for transplantation 25 to 30days after sowing with 3-4leaves. In case if seedlings age is more than 30days transplant it after de-toping. Water seedling beds 24hours before transplanting so that seedlings can be easily uprooted and be turgid at transplanting time.
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To protect crop from Bacterial Wilt, Dip seedlings in 100ppm Streptocycline solution for 5 mins before transplanting.
Time of sowing
For spring season, prepared nursery in November- December whereas for winter season, sow seed in nursery in month of September-October month.
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Spacing
Depending upon variety use and its growth habit, use spacing of 60x30cm or 75x60cm or 75x75cm.for dwarf variety use spacing of 75cm x 30cm and for rainy season use spacing of 120-150 x 30cm.
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Sowing Depth
In nursery sow seed at depth of 0.5 cm and then covered with soil. Â
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Method of sowing
Transplanting of seedling in main field.
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Sow tomato seed on raised bed having width of 1meter and length of 5meter, at distance of 5-7cm in rows. Before sowing of seed, mix Carbofuron 3G@10 gram/square meter with nursery soil. To protect seedling from pest and disease attack, take spray of Mancozeb@2 gram/litre of water. Four to five-week-old seedling i.e 10-15cm height are suitable for transplantation purpose.
Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)
| UREA | DAP or SSP | MOP | ZINC | |
| 90-130 | Â | 130-160 | 40-50 | – |
Organic Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)
| BIO-DAP | MIX FERTILIZER | Organic NPK | |
| 200 -250 | 100- 150 | Â | 70- 100 |
Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)
| N | P2O5 | K |
| 40-60 | 25 | 25 |
In general, apply Nitrogen@40 kg-60 kg, Phosphorus@25 kg and Potash@25 kg in form of Urea@90-130 kg, SSP@155 kg and MoP@42 kg/acre. Two to three week before transplantation of seedlings, apply whole dose of Phosphorus and Potash and one third of nitrogen. Apply remaining quantity of nitrogen in two equal splits 30 and 50days after transplantation.
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WSF:Â 10-15 days after transplanting, take spray of 19:19:19 along with micronutrient@2.5 to 3 gram/litre of water. Due to low temperature, plant absorb less nutrient and growth get affected. In such cases Foliar spray helps in growth of plants. In vegetative growth stage take spray of 19:19:19 or 12:61:0 @ 3-5 gram/Litre. For better growth and more yield, Spray with 50 ml Brassinolide per acre in 150 litre of water at 40-50 days after transplanting for two times at 10 days intervals.
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Obtain good fruit quality along with good yield, take spray of 12:61:00 (Monoammonium Phosphate)@10 gram/litre before flowering. When flowering starts, in initial days take spray of Boron@ 25 gram/10 liter of water is done. It will help to control flower and fruit dropping. Sometime black spots are observed on fruits, these are due to Calcium Deficiency. Take spray of Calcium nitrate@ 2 gram/litre of water. In high temperature Flower drop is seen, spray with NAA@ 50 ppm (50 ml/10 L water) when crop is in flowering stage. Give one spray of Sulphate of potash (00:00:50+18S) during fruit development stage@3-5 gram/liter of water. It will give good fruit development and color. Fruit Cracking reduces fruit quality and lowers prices up to 20%. Take spray of Chelated Boron (Solubor) @ 200 gram/acre/200 litre water at fruit ripening stage. To improve plant growth, flowering and fruit set, Spray with Seaweed extract (Biozyme/Dhanzyme) @ 3-4 ml/litre water twice a month. Maintain good soil moisture.
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Do frequent weeding, hoeing and earthing up and keep field weed free till 45days. If weed left uncontrolled then it will reduce crop yield up to 70-90%. Before transplantation, apply pendimethalin@0.4kg/acre in main field. If weed intensity is high, take post emergence spray of Sencor@0.2kg/acre. Mulching is also an effective way to reduce soil temperature along with weed control.
After transplantation, provide light irrigation for two-three days. In winter, apply irrigation with interval of 12 to 15 days and in summer month, apply with interval of 6-7 days depending upon soil moisture. Flowering stage is critical for irrigation, water stress during this stage can leads to flower drop and adversely affecting fruiting and productivity. According to various research, it is found that, half inch irrigation at every fortnight causes maximum penetration of roots and thus give high yield. Also, avoid excess irrigation.Â
PLANT PROTECTION  
Leaf Miner:
Leaf Miner:Â Maggots of leaf miner feed on leaf and make serpentine mines into leaf. It affects the photosynthesis and fruit formation.
At initial stage, take spray of Neem Seed Kernel Extract@5%, 50gm/Ltr of water. To control leaf miner, spray with Dimethoate 30EC@250ml or Spinosad@80ml in 200Ltr of water or Triazophos@200ml/200Ltr of water.
White fly:
White fly:Â The nymphs and adults of white fly suck the cell sap from the leaves and weaken the plants. They secrete honey dew on which black sooty mould develops on leaves. They also transmit leaf curl diseases.
After sowing of seeds in nursery, cover bed with 400mesh nylon net or thin white cloth. It helps to protect seedlings from pest-disease attack. To check infestation use yellow sticky traps coated with grease and sticky oils. To control spread of whiteflies, uproot and destroy affected plants. In case of severe infestation, take spray of Acetamiprid 20SP@80gm/200Ltr of water or Triazophos@250ml/200litre or Profenophos@200ml/200litre of water. Repeat the spray after 15 days.
Thrips:Â
Thrips:Â Commonly observed pest. Mostly observed in dry weather. They suck sap from the foliage and results in curling of leaves, leaves become cup shaped or curved upward. Also causes flower drop.
To check severity of thrips incidence, keep blue sticky traps @6-8 per acre. Also to reduce the incidence spray Verticillium lecani@5gm/Ltr water. If incidence of thrips is more, then take spray of Imidacloprid 17.8SL @60ml or Fipronil@200ml/200Ltr of water or Acephate 75% WP@600 gm/200Ltr or Spinosad@80ml/acre in 200Ltr water.
Gram Pod borer or Heliothis armigera:
Gram Pod borer or Heliothis armigera: It is a major pest of tomato. Crop loss due to Helicoverpa is about 22-37% if not controlled at proper stage. It feeds on leaves also on flower and fruits. On fruits they make circular holes and feed on flesh.
In case of initial infestation, handpicked grown up larvae. At early stage use HNPV or Neem extract@50gm/Litre of water. To control fruit borer, Put 16 pheromone traps/acre at equal distance after 20 days of transplanting. Change lure in every 20 days interval. Destroyed infested parts. If pest population is high, spray Spinosad@80ml+sticker@400ml/200Ltr of water. To control shoot and fruit borer, spray Rynaxypyr(Coragen)@60ml/200Ltr water.
Mite:
Mite:Â Is a serious pest and it may cause yield loss up to 80%. These are widely distributed pest observed throughout the world. It attacks on several crops like potato, chilli, beans, cotton, tobacco, curcurbit, castor, jute, coffee, lemon, citrus, blackgram, cowpea, pepper, tomato, sweet potato, mango, papaya, brinjal, guava. Nymphs and adults feed exclusively on the lower surface of the leaves. Infected leaves give cup shape appearance. Heavy infestation results in defoliation bud shedding and drying of leaves.
If Infestation of yellow mite & thrips is observed in field, spray of Chlorfenapyr@15ml/10Ltr, Abamectin@15ml/10Ltr or Fenazaquin @100ml/100Ltr are found effective. For effective control spray Spiromesifen 22.9SC(Oberon)@200ml/acre/180Ltr of water.
Fruit Rot:
Fruit Rot:Â Major disease of tomato and observed due to changing weather. Water soaked lesions are appeared on fruits. Afterwards they turn into black or brown color and causing rotting of fruits.
Before sowing, do seed treatment with Tricoderma@5-10gm or Carbendazim@2gm or Thiram@3 gm/Kg of seeds. If infection observed in field collect and destroy infected fruit and leaves which lies on ground. Fruit rot and Anthracnose attacked mostly observed in cloudy weather, to control take spray of Mancozeb@400gm or Copper Oxychloride@300gm or Chlorothalonil@250gm/200Ltr water. Repeat spray with 15 days interval.
Anthracnose:-
Anthracnose:Â Warm temperatures, high moisture are ideal condition for spread of this disease. It is characterized by black spots that are formed on infected parts. Spots are usually circular, water-soaked and sunken with black margins. The fruits with many spots drop off prematurely resulting in heavy loss of yield.
If Infestation of Anthracnose is observed. To control spray Propiconazole or Hexaconazole@200ml/200Ltr of water.
Early Blight:
Early Blight:Â Common and major disease of tomato. Initially small, brown isolated spots are observed on leaf. Later spots are seen on stem and also on fruits. Fully developed spots become irregular, dark brown color with concentric ring inside spots. In severe condition, defoliation occurred.
If infestation of early blight is observed, take spray of Mancozeb@400gm or Tabuconazol@200ml/200Ltr. Repeat spray 10-15 days after first spray. In cloudy weather, chances of incidence of early and late blight increases, As a preventive measure, spray with Chlorothalonil@250gm/100Ltr of water. Also sudden rain pattern aggravate blight and other diseases take spray of Copper based fungicides@300gm/Ltr+Streptocycline@6gm/200Ltr water to control blight disease.
Wilt and Damping off:
Wilt and Damping off:Â Moist and poorly drain soil causes damping off disease. It is soil borne disease. Water soaking and shriveling of stem occurs. Seedlings killed before emergence. If it appears in nursery the entire lot of seedling may get destroyed.
To prevent root rot, drench soil with 1% Urea@100gm/10Ltr and Copper oxychloride @250gm/200Ltr water. To control wilt, drench nearby soil with Copper oxychloride@250gm or Carbendazim@400gm/200Ltr of water. Increased temperature and humidity due to watering facilitate fungal growth at roots, to overcome it, Apply Trichoderma 2 kg/acre along with cow dung near roots of plants. To control soil born disease, drench soil with Carbendazim@1gm/Ltr or Bordo mix@10gm/ltr, 1 month after that apply 2 kg Trichoderma /acre, mixed with 100kg cow dung.
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Powdery Mildew:
Powdery Mildew:Â Patchy, White powdery growth appears on lower side of leaves. It parasitizes the plant using it as a food source. It commonly occurs on older leaves just before or at fruit set. But it can develop at any stage of crop development. In severe infestation it causes defoliation.
Avoid water lodging in field. Keep field clean. To Control spray with Hexaconazole along with sticker @1ml/Ltr of water. In case of sudden rain, chances of powdery mildew. Mild infestation take spray of water soluble sulphur@ 20gm/10Ltr of water 2-3 times with interval of 10 days.
HARVESTING
Plant start yielding by 70days after transplantation. Harvesting is done depending upon purpose like for fresh market, long distance transport etc. Mature green tomatoes, 1/4th fruits portion gives pink color are harvested for Long Distance Markets. Almost all fruits turn into pink or red color but having firm flesh are harvested for Local Markets. For processing and seed extraction purpose, fully ripe fruits with soft flesh are used.
POAT-HARVESTING
After harvesting, grading is done. Then fruits are packed in Bamboo baskets or crates or wooden boxes. To increase self-life of tomato during long distance transport pre cooling is carried out. From ripen tomatoes several products like Puree, syrup, juice and ketch up are made after processing.