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RICE
RICE
- KHARIF/MID-JUNE-START-JULY
- TYPES OF VARIETIES
- FERTILIZERS
- TYPES OF VARITES
GENERAL INFORMATION
Rice is the most important food crop of India covering about one-fourth of the total cropped area and providing food to about half of the Indian population. Punjab has made tremendous progress in rice productivity and production during the past 45 years. Due to use of high yielding varieties and new technology Punjab has given the title of “Rice Bowl of India”.
CLIMATE
Temperature
16-30°C
Rainfall
100 - 200CM
Sowing Temperature
20-30°C
Harvesting Temperature
16-27°C
SOIL
It can be grown on a variety of soils with low permeability and pH varying from 5.0 to 9.5. Sandy loam to loamy sand to silty loam to clay loams, silty to clayey loam soils with low permeability, free of water logging and sodicity are considered best for paddy cultivation.
LAND PREPARATION
After harvesting of wheat grow dhaincha (seed rate 20 kg/acre) or sunhemp @ 20 kg/acre or cowpea @ 12 kg/acre up to first week of May. When crop is of 6-8 week old, bury them into the soil one day before transplanting of paddy. It will save 25 kg of N per acre. Use laser land leveler for land levelling. After then puddle soil and to obtained fine well levelled puddle field to reduce water loss through percolation
Jaya:Â Dwarf and high yielding variety resistant to lodging. Ready to harvest in 142days. Grains are big and long. Gives average yield of 26quintal/acre.
Chakia 59: Suitable for cultivation under medium deep water logged condition.
Govind:Â Developed at Pantnagar. Ready to harvest in 105days.
Indrasan:Â Popular variety of Tarai region.
Mahsud:Â This variety is suitable for shallow rainfed lowland condition.
Majhera 3:Â Drought tolerant tall variety suitable for upland dry areas.
Nagina 22:Â Suitable for the rainfed upland region. Grains are short and bold.
Narendra-1 and Narendra-2:Â Ready for harvesting in 105 and 115days respectively.
Pant Dhan 6:Â Suitable for transplanting in hilly areas of lower and medium altitudes.
Saket 4:Â Early duration variety, ready to harvest in 115days. It is very popular variety in UP.
T9:Â Late duration, scented variety having slender grains.
VL Dhan 16:Â Suitable for transplanting in lower and medium areas.
VL 206:Â Tall variety suitable for lower and medium altitudes.
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Usar 1:Â Developed at Kanpur, suitable for saline and alkaline soils.
Basmati Varieties
Taraori Basmati:Â Suitable for early planting under irrigated conditions. Ready to harvest in 145 to 155days. Gives average yield of 10qtl/acre.
Haryana Basmati no 1:Â Semi dwarf variety, suitable for irrigated areas. Ready to harvest in 140days. Gives average yield of 16qtl/acre.
Pusa Basmati 1121, Pusa Basmati 1, CSR 30, Shabnam
Other states variety:
Hybrid 6201:Â Suitable for irrigated areas. It give resistance to blast. It give average yield of 25qtl/acre.
Vivek Dhan 62: Suitable for hilly and irrigated areas. Its grains are short bold. It give resistant to blast. Neck blast and it can survive in low temperature areas. It give average yield of 19qtl/acre.
Karnataka Rice Hybrid 2:Â Suitable for irrigated and timely sown areas. It is tolerant to leaf blight and other disease. It give average yield of 35qtl/acre.
Kanak:Â Suitable for medium land sowing. Its grains are long and bold. It is resistant to Bacterial blight. It give average yield of 18qtl/acre.
Ratnagiri 1 and 2:Â Ratnagiri one suitable for irrigated areas while Ratnagiri 2 suitable for low land areas. These are semi dwarf varieties and give average yield of 19qtl/acre and 21qtl/acre respectively.
Seed Rate
Use seed rate of 6-8kg for one acre land.
Seed Treatment
Before sowing, soak them in 10Ltr water containing, Carbendazim@20gm+ Streptocycline@1gm for 8 to 10hr before sowing. After then dry seeds in shade. And then use for sowing.
Also you can use below mention fungicides to protect crop from root rot disease. Use chemical fungicide first then treat seed with Trichoderma.
| Fungicide name | Quantity (Dosage per kg seeds) |
| Trichoderma | 5-10gm |
| Chlorpyriphos | 3gm |
Time of sowing :
Irrigated and shallow rainfed lowland.Time of sowing: Irrigated and shallow rainfed lowland. In UP for transplanting of rice seedlings, middle of June to early July is optimum time.Â
Sowing depth :
The seedlings should be transplanted at 2 to 3 cm depth. Shallow planting gives better yields.
Spacing:
In fertile soil, use spacing of 20cmx15cm where in poor soils conditions use planting distance of 15cmx10cm. For water logging areas use spacing of 20x20cm.
Method of sowing:
Transplanting method is used. For transplanting, use 25-30days old seedlings.Â
In Irrigated and shallow rainfed areas, transplanting method is used. For transplanting, use 25-30days old seedlings
In water logging areas use 30-35days old seedlings for transplanting.
For upland rice, seeds are broadcasted on dry or moist soils.
Wet bed nursery:Â It Is done in region having adequate water availability. Nursery area is about 1/10 of the area to be transplanted. Broadcast Pre-germinated seeds on puddled and levelled soil. Keep the beds moist for the first few days. Do not flood the beds. When the seedlings are about 2 cm high, keep the beds submerged in a shallow layer of water. Apply dose of 26kg/acre Urea about a fortnight after sowing. For transplantation use seedlings of 15-21days or when seedlings are 25-30cm long. Regularly.irigated the nursery.Â
Dry Bed:Â It is prepared in dry soil condition. Total seed bed area is about 1/10 of the area to be transplanted. Make seed bed of convenient dimensions with the soil raised at height of 6-10 cm. Spread half burned rice husk on these beds for easy uprooting. Irrigation should be done properly because less moisture can damage seedling. Incorporate basal fertilizer for proper nutrients.
Modified Mat nursery: This is the modified method of nursery making which require less space and less quantity of seeds. It can be cultivated at any place having flat surface and assured water supply. The area needed is about 1% of the transplantable land. Establishing seedlings in a 4cm layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm surface. Make 1m wide and 20-30m long plot and spread plastic sheet or banana leaves on it. Place a wooden frame with 4cm deep and then Fill the frame with soil mixture. Sow pre-germinated seed in it and cover the seed with dry soil. Immediately sprinkle water on it. Irrigate frame as and when needed and keep it moist. Seedlings are ready for transplanting within 11 to 14days of sowing. Transport seedling mat to field and separate them and transplant 1-2seedligs at 20x20cm or 25x25cm spacing. Â
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Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)
| UREA | DAP or SSP | MOP | ZINC | |
| 110 | 27 | 75 | 20 | – |
Organic Fertilizer Requirement (kg/acre)
| BIO-DAP | MIX FERTILIZER | Organic NPK | |
| 100 | 100 | Â | 150 |
Nutrient Requirement (kg/acre)
| N | P2O5 | K |
| 50 | 12 | 12 |
For Irrigated shallow and lowland rainfed areas requires, near about 41-50kg/acre of Nitrogen(Urea@90-110kg), 30kg of Phosphorus (SSP@190kg/acre) and 27kg of Potash (MOP@45kg) per acre. Apply half dose of Nitrogen and the full amount of Phosphorus and Potash at transplanting time. Apply the remaining amount of Nitrogen in two equal splits i.e. 1/4th of N applied at time tillering stage and 1/4th at the time of Panicle initiation stage.
In water logging areas (i.e. low laying area where water accumulates in rainy season) use Nitrogen fertilizer@30-41kg/acre (Urea@65-90kg/acre) as basal dose.
For rainfed medium low lying areas, apply Nitrogen@23-32kg i.e (Urea@52-70kg/acre) and Phosphorus@16kg/acre (SSP@100kg/acre). Apply half dose of N and full dose of P before transplanting and remaining dose of N at the time of Panicle emergence.
For upland Rice, apply Nitrogen@23kg (Urea@52kg), Phosphorus@12kg (SSP@75kg) and Potash@12kg/acre (MOP@20kg). Half dose of Nitrogen and full dose P &K applied three weeks after sowing. Remaining nitrogen applied in two splits, six weeks after sowing and at booting stage respectively.
Chemical weed control
Use Butachlor 50 EC@1200ml/acre or Thiobencarb 50EC@1200ml or Pendimethalin 30 EC@1000ml or Pretilachlor 50 EC@600ml per acre as pre-emergence herbicides, 2 to 3 days after transplanting. Mix any one of these herbicideds in 60kg of sand per acre and broadcast uniformly in 4-5cm deep standing water.
For broadleaf weed control, apply Metsulfuron 20WP@30gm/acre in 150Ltr water as post emergence, 20-25 days after transplanting. Before spray, drained out the standing water from the field and apply irrigation one day after spray.
Apply pre-emergence spray of butachlor@1 liter /acre, six to seven days after sowing.
Keep field flooded up to two weeks after transplanting. When all water gets infiltrated two days after apply irrigation in the field. The depth of standing water should not exceed 10cm. While doing an intercultural and weeding operation, drain out excess water from the field and irrigate the field after completion of these operations. Stop irrigation about a fortnight before maturity to facilitate easy harvesting.
For uplands, irrigation is completely dependent on rainfall. Depending upon rainfall intensity and frequency and depending upon water availability, provide water at critical stages. Water stress at reproductive and pollination drastically reduce yield.
PLANT PROTECTION  
Pest and their control:
Root Weevil: The presence of root weevil can be detected by the root and leave damage of yield. These are white legless grub feeds mainly on root. Plant gives yellow appearance, growth gets stunted and few tillers are form.
If incidence is observed apply Carbaryl (4G)@10 kg either Phorate (10 G)@4 kg or Carbofuran (3 G) @10 kg per acre.
Plant Hoppers:
Plant Hoppers:Â These mainly occur in the irrigated wetland conditions or in rainfed areas. The presence of pest shows the browning of the yield, sooty moulds and honeydew present in bases where infected.
If incidence is observed to control, spray with Dichlorvos @ 126 ml or 400 gm Carbaryl in 250 Ltr of water per acre or Imidacloprid @ 40 ml or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 400 ml or Chlorpyriphos @1 Ltr in 100 ltrs of water per acre.
Leaf folder:
Leaf folder: This pest develops in high humidity and specifically found where rice is fertilized heavily. Larva fold the leaves and eat the plant tissue and produces white streaks.
Control:Â If infestation is observed spray crop with Cartap hydrochloride @ 170 gm or Triazophos @350 ml or Chlorpyriphos @1 Ltr in 100 Ltr of water per acre.
Rice Hispa:
Rice Hispa:Â It is serious pest in some districts. Larva create tunnel into leaves and thus destroyed leaves by producing white streaks on leaves.
If Infestation is observed in field, spray crop with Methyl Parathion@120 ml or Quinalphos 25 EC@400 ml or Chlorpyriphos @1 Ltr in 100 ltr of water per acre.
Brown rust:
Brown rust: It is favoured by warm temperatures (15-30° C) and humid conditions. Brown rust is characterized by reddish- brown spores that occur in oval or elongated pustules. The disease can develop rapidly when free moisture is available and temperatures are near 20° C. Successive generations of urediospores can be produced every 10-14 days if conditions are favourable.
For control of this disease, follow mixed cropping with suitable crops. Avoid excessive use of Nitrogen fertilizer. Spray Zineb Z-78@400 gm/acre or Propiconazole@2ml/Litre of water.
Stem borer:
Stem borer:Â Larva bore into the stem and causes dead heart. The old ones produce empty ear heads which turn white.
Control: If infestation is observed in field take spray of Cartap hydrochloride @ 170 gm or Triazophos @ 350 ml or Chlorpyriphos @ 1 Ltr per 100 Ltr of water.
Blast:
Disease and their control:Â Â Â Â Buy Now Pesticide & InsecticideÂ
Blast:Â Due to blast disease, spindle shaped spots with greyish centre and brown margin observed on the leaves. Also give neck rot symptoms and panicles get fall over. Observed in areas having excessive use of Nitrogen.
If infestation is observed, spray with Zineb@500 gm/acre in 200 Ltr of water.
Karnal Bunt:
Karnal Bunt:Â Few grains in panicle get affected first and part of grain gets converted into black powder. In severe condition whole panicle gets affected and black powder spread on leaves, grains etc.
To control this disease, avoid excess use of Nitrogen. When crop is at 10% flowering stage, take spray of Tilt 25 EC @200 ml/200 litre of water. Repeat the spray with interval of 10 days..
Brown leaf spot:
Brown leaf spot: It produces oval, eye-shaped spots with a conspicuous dark-brown dot in the centre and light brown margin. Spots are developed on grains also. In low nutrient soil, this attacked more.
To keep check on this disease, give balance amount of nutrient. When crop is at boot stage take spray of Tebuconazole @ 200 ml or Propiconazole @200 ml in 200 Ltr of water. After 15 days repeat the spray.
False smut:
False smut:Â This fungus developed large greenish velvety spore-balls on individual grains. In humid, high rainfall and cloudy conditions, chances of spread of disease are high. Excessive use of Nitrogen also increases intensity of attack.
To control this disease spray with 500 gm Copper Oxychloride per acre in 200 Ltr of water at boot stage in crop. With interval of 10 days, take spray with Tilt 25 EC @ 200 ml/200 liters of water.
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Sheath blight:
Sheath blight: On leaf sheath, greyish lesion with purple margin is developed. Later these lesions get developed and enlarge. In severe condition, poor grain filling is observed. Avoid excess use of Nitrogen. Keep field clean.
If incidence of disease is observed, spray crop with Tebuconazole or Tilt 25 EC@200 ml or Carbendazim 25% @200 gm in 200 Ltrs of water per acre. Repeat the spray after 15 days interval.
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HARVESTING
Reap the yield once the panicles are developing fully as well as the crops get changed significantly yellow. The yield is generally harvested manually by sickles or by blend harvester. The harvested crops, tied up into compact bundles, strike it against really hard surface to split the grains from straw, accompanied by winnowing.
POST-HARVESTING
The post-harvest method includes some procedures which include the interval from harvest to utilization 1) harvesting 2) threshing 3) cleaning 4) drying 5) warehouse 6) milling then transport to the trade.
Before the storage of grains to protect harvested stuff from pest and disease attack, mix 500 gm Neem seed dust with 10 Kg of seed. To protect stored grains from pests attacked Mix Malathion 50 EC@30 ml/3 Ltr of water. Spray for 1002meter storage area at every 15 days.